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This advanced (but descriptive) course focuses on how transition metals of the first row, i.e., iron, manganese and copper), process molecular oxygen (O2) in metalloenzymes and coordination complexes. Chemical behavior discussed will be reversible O2-binding (e.g., blood dioxygen carriers and their synthetic analogs), insertion of one or both atoms of molecular oxygen into organic substrates (i.e., oxygenase activity), or oxidase (bio)chemistry, wherein the metal ion center facilitates O2-reduction to hydrogen peroxide or water. The focus will be on the metal’s role and mechanism of action. Practical societal applications will also be discussed.