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Beliefs, desires, and the rest of our psychological attitudes involve representation, and many theorists have thought that representation involves a relation between things. But if a=b, and I believe that a is F, how can I fail to believe that b is F? How can I form a belief about something that does not exist? How can I form a desire but not about any particular thing? These questions point to just a few of the many vexing problems of representation. To address these problems, we will look to theories in the philosophy of language, mind, and cognitive science.