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Today France is a multicultural, multi-ethnic society fractured by the memories of colonialism. Throughout the country's history, French thinkers – classical and contemporary – have questioned the foundations of power and focused critically not only on the claims of authority issuing from the top, but also on the compliance of the governed. What it is, they ask, that makes people stick together and recognize each other as citizens of one country? Is there such a thing as a shared history, and is Fraternité something more than a slogan? Works by La Boétie, Montaigne, Diderot, Robespierre, Tocqueville, Gobineau, Camus, Sartre, Memmi, Foucault and others.