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Discuss molecular mechanisms through which eukaryotes maintain cellular homeostasis in response to stress. Stress response pathways are examined at the DNA, RNA, and protein levels; topics include stress and transcription, RNA processing, and protein quality control. Organelle-specific stress response, such as ER stress and mitochondrion stress responses, are also discussed. Additionally, molecular mechanisms of cellular responses to environmental stimuli, such as heat, hypoxic, oxidative, and starvation stressors, are examined.