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Introduces students to the principles of bioethics when using animals in biomedical research and testing. Discusses the most common ethical theories such as contractarianism, Kantianism and utilitarianism. Addresses ethical issues arising from the use of animals in biomedical research and emphasizes on the role the three Rs of animal experimentation (Replacement, Reduction and Refinement) play when conducting animal experiments. Explores the harms involved in animal studies and assesses these against the benefits (harm-benefit analysis, HBA). Discusses in detail that the HBA is considered to be a key ethical safeguard for animals. Prepares students for real-world problems they may face in the laboratory.