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Provides an overview of the relationships between infection, immunity, and undernutrition, with a focus on major public health consequences for children in low-income countries. Reviews the basic tenets of immunology, as well as methods to assess immune function and nutritional status. Discusses the detrimental impact of infection and the immune response on nutrient intake, metabolism, absorption, and losses. Examines the deleterious effects of undernutrition, including micronutrient deficiencies, on host barrier defenses and innate, mucosal, humoral, and cell-mediated immunity, as well as pathogen virulence. Presents case studies on the synergistic and antagonistic interactions between infection, immune response, and undernutrition.