3.0

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Examines how eukaryotic cells detect, respond to, and adapt under stress during infection and immune activation. Builds on fundamental principles of cell biology by exploring the architecture and functions of major organelles and cytoskeletal systems, emphasizing their dynamic roles as hubs for signaling, quality control, and host–pathogen interactions. Includes topics such as mitochondrial dynamics and metabolism, cytoskeleton organization and trafficking, endoplasmic reticulum stress and the unfolded protein response, vesicle transport, autophagy and selective organelle degradation, and diverse programmed cell death pathways. Gives special attention to how pathogens hijack these networks to promote survival or immune evasion. Integrates mechanistic knowledge with current research to understand cellular stress responses as therapeutic targets in infectious disease.