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Covers key principles, designs and methods of observational epidemiology studies. Includes a description of general designs of the main observational studies (birth cohort analysis, ecologic studies, cohort, case-based case-control studies, case-control studies within a defined cohort, and case-crossover studies), measures of disease frequency (cumulative incidence, rate and odds) and of association (relative risk, odds ratio), evaluation of confounding and interaction, types of bias, and the most often used methods of adjustment for confounding effects and their assumptions. Employs lectures and group discussions of exercise