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Is the European Union (EU) an international organization or a State? Is it democratic or technocratic? Are EU citizens benefitting from EU integration and if so how and why? These are among the existential questions that have accompanied the development of the EU and its law in the last decades. These questions are evermore poignant when the model of EU integration is challenged on many fronts; from Brexit to the migration crisis, from the financial crisis of 2008 and the ensuing great recession to the current pandemic and growing geopolitical tensions. Still, the EU remains the most advanced regional experiment of rule-based transnational governance: its law has transformed the lives of EU citizens and provides a model for regional integration to the rest of the world.