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Through a mix of case studies and thematic analysis, it would explore how China’s trade, investment, development finance, infrastructure building, digital expansion, and diplomatic initiatives vary in purpose, scale, and reception across Latin America, Africa, Europe, Asia, and North America. Particular attention would be paid to how local political economies, institutional environments, and historical relationships shape both opportunities for and constraints on Chinese involvement, as well as how partner countries exercise agency in negotiating, adapting to, or contesting China’s presence.